Core–Periphery Organization and Spatial Heterogeneity in Pseudopus apodus (Anguidae) Across Its Western Palearctic Range
Diversity, vol.18, no.6, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Publication Type: Article / Article
- Volume: 18 Issue: 6
- Publication Date: 2026
- Doi Number: 10.3390/d18060367
- Journal Name: Diversity
- Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Geobase, Directory of Open Access Journals, Zoological Record, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Natural Science Collection (ProQuest), Biological Science Database (ProQuest), Biomedical Reference Collection: Corporate Edition (EBSCO)
- Keywords: area of occupancy, biogeography, core–periphery hypothesis, extent of occurrence, kernel density estimation, reptile distribution, sheltopusik
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Affiliated: Yes
Abstract
Understanding the internal spatial structure of widely distributed species is fundamental for biogeographic theory and conservation practice, yet such structure is often masked by extent-based range metrics. We investigated the spatial organisation of Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775), the largest limbless lizard of the Western Palearctic, using 3967 occurrence records spanning 1843–2025. Spatial point pattern analysis revealed a pronounced deviation from complete spatial randomness (Clark–Evans R = 0.105, p < 0.001), with strong fine-scale clustering. Kernel density estimation identified a clear core–periphery organisation: high-density core areas accounted for 30% of records but occupied only 22% of the total extent of occurrence (EOO). The discrepancy between EOO (~8.9 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO; ~8944 km2) spanned three orders of magnitude, emphasising that only a small fraction of the species’ geographic envelope is actively occupied. Spatial heterogeneity was high (coefficient of variation ≈ 0.99), and core and peripheral occurrences were significantly segregated along both latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. The proportion of core records showed a weak positive temporal trend most plausibly attributable to sampling effort, particularly the recent expansion of citizen-science contributions, rather than to ecological processes. These findings demonstrate that P. apodus exhibits a compact spatial core embedded within a broad, sparsely occupied periphery, underscoring the limitations of EOO-based metrics in the conservation assessment of widely distributed reptiles. We emphasise that this structure is characterised using the density of occurrence records and therefore describes the observed spatial organisation of the available data rather than directly measured population density; ecological interpretations are accordingly framed as hypotheses requiring independent validation.