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in: Nanostructured Carbon Materials from Plant Extracts, Sreeraj Gopi,Aryamol K. S.,Sabu Thomas,Jozef T. Haponiuk,Hanna J. Maria, Editor, Elsevier, Pennsylvania, pp.125-143, 2025
In recent years, there has been considerable potential in the preparation and applications of carbon nanomaterials with excellent chemical, physical, surface, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Remarkably, functionalized carbon-based nanosensors, nanocarriers, and nanoadsorbents have been widely employed in biomedical and environmental applications. Functionalized carbon nanomaterials have attracted the interest of researchers in a variety of applications, including drug delivery systems, bacteria detection, cancer detection, wastewater treatment, sensing pharmaceuticals, biomarkers, and pollutants. This chapter gives points to all aspects of preparation, characterization, and formation mechanisms of functionalized carbon nanomaterials. In addition, the chapter presents the preparation methods, chemical modification, and applications of different functionalized carbon nanomaterials with morphologies ranging from zero-dimensional (0D) to three-dimensional (3D). Furthermore, the biocompatibility, stability, photoluminescence, and fluorescence behavior of functionalized carbon nanomaterials were emphasized with a size of less than 50 nm in diameter. Consequently, some preparation and modification strategies for synergistic nanoplatforms, as well as a comprehensive understanding of the multidimensional morphology, current experimental limitations, and future perspectives of functionalized carbon nanomaterials, were highlighted.