Key determinants of sustainable social forestry Implementation in North Sumatra, Indonesia: A MICMAC-based analysis
Trees, Forests and People, cilt.26, 2026 (ESCI, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 26
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101368
- Dergi Adı: Trees, Forests and People
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Scopus, BIOSIS, Geobase, Directory of Open Access Journals, Zoological Record
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Community-based forestry, Key variables, MICMAC, North Sumatra, Policy and Governance, Social forestry, Sustainable forest management
- Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Sustainable Social Forestry (SF) aims to balance ecological conservation with local community welfare by involving communities in forest management. Despite policy support, SF implementation in North Sumatra faces challenges such as institutional weaknesses, limited community participation, and regulatory complexity. This study applied the Matrix of Cross Impact Multiplications Applied to a Classification (MICMAC) to identify and analyze 39 key variables influencing SF sustainability. Variables were categorized into four groups: determinant (key), relay, output, and autonomous variables. Key determinants included forest function, multi-level regulations, customary rules, environmental services and ecotourism, product diversification, forest vegetation, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and production continuity. Relay variables, such as non-timber forest products, climate, soil fertility, water sources, social sanctions, institutional improvements, and business legality, bridge policy objectives with on-the-ground implementation. Output variables, including land use, income, post-harvest handling, market access, and leadership, play a passive role, while autonomous variables, such as topography, local wisdom, human resources, and kinship relations, provide contextual support. The findings emphasize the need for an integrated approach to SF governance, combining ecological resilience, economic empowerment, and effective policy implementation. This study provides a systematic framework for prioritizing variables, offering practical insights for policymakers and stakeholders to enhance sustainable SF practices in North Sumatra.