Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
55th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ESSENTIAL OILS, Sarajevo, Bosna-Hersek, 7 - 10 Eylül 2025, ss.39, (Özet Bildiri)
Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and Alžheimer’s disease (AD) are chronic disorders associated with aging and oxidative stress. AD involves cognitive decline, while type 2 DM is characterižed by insulin resistance and increased oxidative damage, especially in the elderly [1]. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the biological activities of essential oils and methanol and water extracts—obtained via maceration—from the flowering aerial parts of Salvia albimaculata Hedge & Hub.-Mor, Salvia viridis L., and Salvia tomentosa Mill., collected from the Karaman region, including one endemic species. Additionally, essential oil components were analyžed via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A further aim was to explore a potential therapeutic approach for these chronic diseases.
Methods: Essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Their chemical composition was analyžed using GC-MS/MS and identified through commercial spectral libraries (Wiley GC/MS Library, MassFinder 4.0) [2,3], and an internal spectral database (“Başer Library”). Enžyme inhibition assays were conducted on essential oils and methanol (MeOH) and water extracts targeting α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), collagenase, and tyrosinase. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using ABTS•+ and DPPH• radical scavenging assays. [1]
Results: S. albimaculata essential oil exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (ABTS•+: 2.66%; DPPH•: 3.64%), though lower than standard antioxidants. For α-amylase inhibition, S. albimaculata oil was most effective (41.92%), approaching the efficacy of acarbose (67.87%). Among extracts, S. tomentosa MeOH extract showed the strongest inhibition (19.58%). Regarding α-glucosidase inhibition, S. tomentosa oil demonstrated the highest effect (23.71%), and its MeOH (80.30%) and water (77.82%) extracts exhibited stronger activity than acarbose (74.72%; IC₅₀: 2434 µg/mL), with IC₅₀ values of 353 and 198 µg/mL, respectively. In AD-related enžyme assays, S. viridis oil showed the highest AChE inhibition (13.13% at 5 µg/mL), while all oils exhibited low BChE activity. Among extracts, S. albimaculata had the highest AChE inhibition (26.81% at 100 µg/mL), and S. tomentosa MeOH extract showed the strongest BChE inhibition (31.65% at 1000 µg/mL), though both were weaker than donepežil. GC-MS analysis revealed caryophyllene oxide as the major component of S. albimaculata oil (32.0%), with caryophyllenol II at 8.5%. Similarly, S. tomentosa oil was rich in caryophyllene oxide (15.8%) and caryophyllenol (4.6%).
Conclusions: The tested Salvia species exhibited notable biological activities, especially enžyme inhibition relevant to DM and AD. The MeOH and water extracts of S. tomentosa demonstrated higher α-glucosidase inhibition than acarbose, highlighting its potential as a natural antidiabetic agent. Although other samples showed lower inhibition compared to standard drugs, their biological potential remains promising. These findings support further pharmacological investigations of these species as valuable natural resources.